drugs resistance in some Candida species and their side effects, conducting research to find new resources, especially medicinal plants, are of prime importance. Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating anti-Candida activities and antioxidant function of hydroalcohlic extract of seeds of Rumex obtusifolius and analyzing GC mass for the determined material, which included especial formulated extract. Methods: The Rumex obtusifolius seeds were extracted using Ethyl acetate: methanol: distilled water (6: 3: 1) by Soxhelet system. The antifungal activity as well as total free phenolics and flavonoids content were examined. The extract was carried out against 40 isolated Candida species such as Candida albicans and C. glabrata through well diffusion method. In addition, hydroalcoholic extraction of R. obtusifolius was evaluated for its antioxidant capacities using 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging. The components of the extract were analyzed via Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-Mass) instrument. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 100-150  g/ L for C. albicans 150  g/ L for C. glabrata. The hydroalcoholic extract can strongly scavenge DPPH radical, and its antioxidant capacities may be correlated with the total free phenolics and total flavonoids. This study revealed the highest antioxidant capacity in the seeds of R. obtusifolius compared to the control groups. Conclusions: The extract contained a highamountof phenolic compounds, and its antioxidant activity was significant. The seed of R. obtusifolius has strong anticandidial and antioxidant activities, which may be due to the presence of high levels of phenolic compounds, particularly pyrogallol.

The present study was conducted to identify nutritional value ofRumex obtusifoliusin three phenological stages (vegetative growth, flowering, and maturity).Samples were randomly taken in pastures of Saravan in Rasht, Iran in 2015. After drying and grinding, the chemical compositions of Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fiber (CF), Ether Extract (EE), Total Ash (ASH), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) were measured based on standard methods. Gas production (in vitro) and Dry Matter (DM) degradability (in sacco) were determined. Phenological stage effects were studied using a completely randomized design in three replications and data were analyzed using SAS software. In phenological stages of the plant with the progress of maturity, the amounts of CP, ASH, Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE), and Non Fibrous Carbohydrates (NFC) decreased while the CF, NDF, and ADF contents increased. CP had the highest value (23.92%) in the vegetative growth and lowest value (6.11%) in maturity stage. The gas production in 96 hours of vegetative growth, flowering, and maturity stages was 37.68, 40.76, and 26.69 ml/0.2g of dry matter. The DM degradability in 96 hours for vegetative growth, flowering, and maturity stages was 80.25, 70.42, and 40.43%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between gas production method and DM degradability methods were 0.99, 0.98, and 0.97 for vegetative growth, flowering, and maturity stages, respectively. Therefore, the gas production method due to its lower cost was suggested for measuring nutritive value of this plant. The results showed that considering higher or equal protein content of this plant during the vegetative growth and flowering stages as compared to alfalfa, it can be used for ruminant animal diet. Using this wild source is possible to significantly decrease the expenses involved in animal nourishment.

the anthomyiid fly, Pegomya bicolor (Wiedemann, 1817), is newly recorded from Iran. it was collected during surveys on biocontrol agents of Rumex spp. (polygonaceae) in Urmia region, north west of Iran. This leaf-mining fly is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region on several species of Rumex.Voucher specimens are being held at the Natural History Museum of Urmia University.

Dock’s leaf defoliator sawfly, Kokujewia ectrapela Konow (Hym.,Argidae), is a medium sized sawfly native to the Caspian fauna. The larvae were found living on Rumex spp. (Polygonaceae). In order to determine the biology, host specificity and feeding potential of the species, continuous rearing was conducted in field and laboratory conditions during 2011-2013. The results revealed that K. ectrapela completed six generations within the growing season and hibernated as a fully developed larva inside the protective cocoon in the plant litter surrounding the Rumex plants. The first generation appeared from the early April to the end of May and the last generation in the late September. After emergence, adults copulated and using their saw-like ovipositor fertile females inserted their eggs along the edges of the Rumex leaves. Mean fecundity was showed to be 148.67 ± 37.33 eggs per female. Newly hatched larvae aggregated and fed on the underside of the leaves. However, later instars dispersed on the host plant and continued to feed on the leaves, leaving only the major veins. Larvae developed through three instars and it took 9-23 days depending upon environmental conditions. Pupation occurs within silken whitish cocoons spun among or out of the host plant. Depending upon environmental conditions, the developmental time from eggs to adults lasted 28-43 days. Study on the parasitoids revealed that the larvae of K. Ectrapela were parasitized by Cryptus inquisitor (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Tetrastichus kokujewiae (Hym., Eulophidae) in Urmia region. Results of no-choice feeding tests with the second instars on 27 plant species belonging to 13 families showed that K. ectrapela completed its life cycle mainly on plants of Rumex and occasionally fed on Polygonum persicaria L. (Polygonaceae). Investigation on feeding activity of the three larval instars of K. ectrapela on Rumex obtusifolius L. under laboratory conditions revealed that a single first-instar larva consumed mean 0.041 ± 0.001 g of R. obtusifolius leaves over its 3 days of development. Second and third instar larvae consumed mean 1.227 ± 0.006 g, and 3.058 ± 0.014 g, over their 4 and 5 days of development, respectively.

Effective factors on gene transferring to sorrel were considered. Agrobacterium, strain LBA4404 containing pBI121 plasmid, and different concentrations and inoculation time using leaf explants were used for evaluation of the gus gene transformation. Culture of leaf segments on MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.75 mg/l IAA and kanamycin  concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50 75 and 100 mg/l) showed that 25 mg/l kanamycin inhibited callus production and plant regeneration and it was determined as the effective kanamycin level in selection medium. Effects of Agrobacterium concentration (OD= 0.2, 0.6 and 1) with different inoculation duration were studied. For this purpose leaf explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium suspension having pBI121 plasmid containing the gus gene. After co-cultivation the explants were transferred on regeneration medium containing 500 mg/l carbenicilin, 200 mg/l cefotaxim and 25 mg/l kanamycin. GUS assay showed the successful transfer of this gene in regenerated plants under OD= 0.2, 0.6 and 2 minute inoculation duration.  

Background: Infections caused by resistant bacteria are spreading so that efficacy of antibiotics in curing diseases has decreased.Therefore, many attempts are made to find new active compounds of plant origin as suitable substitutes. This research intended to identify active compounds with antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activities of aqueous and methanol extracts ofRumex alveolatusagainst a number of bacteria.Methods: This empirical study was conducted against some of pathogenic bacteria. Using the Soxhlet method, extracts of R. alveolatus leaves and roots were prepared and antimicrobial effects of the extracts were evaluated by well diffusion method. Anti-quorum sensing activity of the methanol extract ofR. alveolatus against pyocyanin production, proteases production and biofilm formation were also investigated. The active compounds inR. alveolatus were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method.Results: The inhibition zone produced by the methanol leaves extract at 500 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhi were 22.80.8, 10.71.3, and 12.11.0 mm, respectively. The MICs and MBCs of the methanol leaves and roots extracts of this plant for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhi were similar, 125 and 250 mg/mL, respectively. The main phenolic compound obtained from R.alveolatuswas 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (89.68%). The methanol leaves extract of R. alveolatus at 62.5 mg/mL prevented biofilm formation byP. aeruginosa and S. aureus and, when applied at 62.5 mg/mL, reduced pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa by up to 66 percent. The aqueous extracts ofR. alveolatus had not antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activity.Conclusions: The methanol extracts of Rumex alveolatus had antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activity.

Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.) is a perennial species, being used as a model plant in molecular genetic studies of sex determination, because of several characteristics such as dioecy, sex chromosomes and short life cycle it is In this study regeneration potentials of different tissues such as cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf, petiole and flowering stem cultured on media containing different cytokinin and auxins combinations are presented. The results showed callus induction in cultured tissues on media containing auxins. Tissues cultured on media containing cytokinins alone or in combinations with auxins showed regeneration response. The highest regeneration rate 100% was obtained from stem segments cultured on medium containing 1 mg/l TDZ. Leaf and petiole after stem had regeneration rate of 35% and 40 % on medium containing 1 mg/l TDZ and 0.75 mg/l IAA and NAA. The highest number of regenerates per explants was 8.8 using stem segments cultured on medium containing TDZ. Histological observations showed that regenerated shoots originated from the cells in the area of the vascular tissues. Regenerated shoots rooted on medium without hormone and plants produced seeds after growth in glasshouse conditions.

Rumex dentatus L. (toothed dock), a major broadleaf weed, is a severe problem of irrigated wheat in particularly no-till conditions of the rice-wheat system in India. Metsulfuron is being used for its control. However, the sole reliance on metsulfuron has led to its resistance evolution in R. dentatus. Pot bioassay studies confirmed high level of metsulfuron resistance with GR50 values ranging 74 to 98 times to that of the most susceptible population. Metsulfuron resistant (MR) populations had indicated cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitor herbicides, triasulfuron, pyroxsulam, and florasulam. The ready-mix combination of halauxifen methyl + florasulam was also poor against MR populations. The most sensitive and resistant populations had GR50 values of 0.11 and 10.31, 1.0 and 269.5, <0.94 and >30, <1.13 and 3622.5, 0.16 and 10.14 g/ha for metsulfuron, triasulfuron, florasulam, pyroxsulam, and pre-mix of halauxifen + florasulam, respectively. Results showed a high resistance level in R. dentatus against ALS inhibitor herbicides. In addition, a large number of populations (119) were also screened across broad herbicide groups used in wheat and 68.9 % populations exhibited ≤ 50 % control with a recommended field rate of metsulfuron 4 g/ha, indicating the widespread resistance. However, MR- populations were sensitive to pendimethalin, isoproturon, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr, metribuzin, carfentrazone and flumioxazin. So, these herbicides in rotation and as mixture can be used to manage ALS inhibitor herbicide resistance. However, for long-term sustainable management of herbicide-resistant R. dentatus, alternative herbicides should be integrated with best agronomic practices to restrict its infestation in wheat.